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|newpage| Exponential and related functions =============================================================================== Exponential function `\exp(x) = e^x` ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. method:: ctx.exp(z) where ``ctx`` is ``ctx_pm`` (see :ref:`Python contexts ` for details), ``ctx53``, ``ctxcpp``, ``ctxflint`` (see :ref:`.NET contexts ` for details). Returns `\exp(x)`, the exponential function of `x`. See also Wikipedia :cite:p:`WikipediaFun10`, MathWorld :cite:p:`WolframFun10`, NIST :cite:p:`DLMFun10`, :cite:t:`Ehrhardt2018` (4.2.34), Flint :cite:p:`FlintFun15`, Flint :cite:p:`FlintFun16`, Mpmath :cite:p:`MpmathFun10`. For complex numbers, the exponential function satisfies `\exp(x + iy) = e^x (\cos y + i \sin y)`. |04a_TestExp_re| `\quad` |04b_TestExp_im| `\quad` |04c_TestExp_abs| .. |04a_TestExp_re| image:: ../_static/ExplicitSurfaces/CplxRoots/04a_TestExp_re.3D.xml.jpg :width: 30 % .. |04b_TestExp_im| image:: ../_static/ExplicitSurfaces/CplxRoots/04b_TestExp_im.3D.xml.jpg :width: 30 % .. |04c_TestExp_abs| image:: ../_static/ExplicitSurfaces/CplxRoots/04c_TestExp_abs.3D.xml.jpg :width: 30 % **3D wpf plot**: real part (left figure), imaginary part (middle figure) and absolute value with color-coded phase (right figure) of the complex sine function `z = \sin(x + iy)`, with `-6 \le x \le 6` (blue axis), `-6 \le y \le 6` (red axis), `-10 \le z \le 10` (green axis). Function values are :ref:`loglog-transformed `. An example with real input: .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1; dps = 90 >>> for ctx in ctxlistreal: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.exp(x))) fpm: 0.00609674656551564 mpm: 0.00609674656551563610713456478542490178906004208066809730839371569595697636773934832576013656 dpm: 0.00609674656551563610713456478542490178906004208066809730839371569595697636773934832576013656 ipm: [0.0060967465655156361071345647854249017890600420806680973083937156959569763677393483257601365613434, 0.0060967465655156361071345647854249017890600420806680973083937156959569763677393483257601365690139] gpm: 0.0060967465655156361071345647854249017890600420806680973083937156959569763677393483257601365623 apm: [0.00609674656551563610713456478542490178906004208066809730839371569595697636773934832576013657 +/- 8.90e-93] dreal: 0.00609674656551564 sreal: 0.006096747 dreal: 0.00609674656551564 ereal: 0.0060967465655156361078 qreal: 0.0060967465655156361071345647854249 oreal: 0.0060967465655156361071345647854249017890600420806680973083937156959569763 mreal: 0.00609674656551563610713456478542490178906004208066809730839371569595697636773934832576013657 sflint: 0.006096747 dflint: 0.00609674656551564 eflint: 0.0060967465655156361078 qflint: 0.0060967465655156361071345647854249 oflint: 0.0060967465655156361071345647854249017890600420806680973083937156959569764 mflint: 0.00609674656551563610713456478542490178906004208066809730839371569595697636773934832576013657 aflint: [0.0060967465655156361071345647854249017890600420806680973083937156959569763677393483257601366 +/- 4.16e-92] An example with complex input, using C\#-style formatting for complex numbers for the result .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1+2j; gui.setdps(50) >>> for ctx in [fpm, mpm, cmath53, qcplx]: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.exp(x))) fpm: (-0.00253714179646899, 0.00554375596403168) mpm: (-0.0025371417964689871432868572987332349386956711932343, 0.0055437559640316803155849317223325676631201581872807) cmath53: (-0.00253714179646899, 0.00554375596403168) qcplx: (-0.00253714179646898714328685729873324, 0.00554375596403168031558493172233257) The above and additional examples can be found online in the ``DataXlCalcNet`` repository or in the corresponding local ``DataXlCalcNet`` folder for `Python (real input) `__, `Python (complex input) `__, and `C\# (real or complex input) `__. Auxiliary function `\mathrm{expj}(x) = e^{ix}` ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. method:: ctx.expj(z) where ``ctx`` is ``math53``, ``mathc53``, ``ctxcpp``, ``ctxflint``. Returns `e^{iz} = \cos(z) + i \sin(z)`. See also Wikipedia :cite:p:`WikipediaFun1035`, MathWorld :cite:p:`WolframFun1035`, Mpmath :cite:p:`MpmathFun1035`. An example with real input: .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1; dps = 50 >>> for ctx in gui.ctxlist_real: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.cplxctx.fmt(ctx.expj(x))) fpm: (0.37797774271298, 0.925814682327732) mpm: (0.37797774271298056332057555292898167089864157613427, 0.92581468232773229694614624754486331250940301635561) dpm: (0.37797774271298056332057555292898167089864157613428, 0.9258146823277322969461462475448633125094030163556) ipm: ([0.3779777427129805633205755529289816708986415761342730157, 0.3779777427129805633205755529289816708986415761342837068], [0.9258146823277322969461462475448633125094030163556011089, 0.9258146823277322969461462475448633125094030163556064544]) gpm: (0.3779777427129805633205755529289816708986415761342737, 0.9258146823277322969461462475448633125094030163556051) apm: ([0.3779777427129805633205755529289816708986415761343 +/- 3.78e-50], [0.9258146823277322969461462475448633125094030163556 +/- 1.06e-50]) dreal: (0.37797774271298, 0.925814682327732) sreal: (0.3779777, 0.9258147) dreal: (0.37797774271298, 0.925814682327732) ereal: (0.37797774271298056325, 0.92581468232773229699) qreal: (0.377977742712980563320575552928981, 0.925814682327732296946146247544863) oreal: (0.37797774271298056332057555292898167089864157613427757054176691301095088, 0.92581468232773229694614624754486331250940301635560394879705455193228186) mreal: (0.37797774271298056332057555292898167089864157613429, 0.92581468232773229694614624754486331250940301635559) sflint: (0.3779777, 0.9258147) dflint: (0.37797774271298, 0.925814682327732) eflint: (0.37797774271298056325, 0.92581468232773229699) qflint: (0.377977742712980563320575552928981, 0.925814682327732296946146247544863) oflint: (0.37797774271298056332057555292898167089864157613427757054176691301095088, 0.92581468232773229694614624754486331250940301635560394879705455193228185) mflint: (0.37797774271298056332057555292898167089864157613429, 0.92581468232773229694614624754486331250940301635559) aflint: ([0.3779777427129805633205755529289816708986415761343 +/- 2.92e-50], [0.9258146823277322969461462475448633125094030163556 +/- 2.44e-50]) An example with complex input, using C\#-style formatting for complex numbers for the result .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1+2j; gui.setdps(50) >>> for ctx in [fpm, mpm, cmath53, qcplx]: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.expj(x))) fpm: (0.0511537248671967, 0.125295392257438) mpm: (0.0511537248671967434898253949927467610442454662229, 0.1252953922574382533359994793180146319527429028572) cmath53: (0.0511537248671967, 0.125295392257438) qcplx: (0.0511537248671967434898253949927467, 0.125295392257438253335999479318014) The above and additional examples can be found online in the ``DataXlCalcNet`` repository or in the corresponding local ``DataXlCalcNet`` folder for `Python (real input) `__, `Python (complex input) `__, and `C\# (real or complex input) `__. Auxiliary function `\mathrm{expjpi}(x) = e^{i \pi x} = (-1)^x` --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. method:: ctx.expjpi(z) where ``ctx`` is ``math53``, ``mathc53``, ``ctxcpp`` or ``ctxflint``. Returns `e^{i \pi z} = \cos(\pi z) + i \sin(\pi z)`. See also Wikipedia :cite:p:`WikipediaFun1035`, MathWorld :cite:p:`WolframFun1035`, Flint :cite:p:`FlintFun16`, Mpmath :cite:p:`MpmathFun1036`. Evaluation is accurate near zeros (see also :ref:`cospi() ` and :ref:`sinpi() `): An example with real input: .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1; dps = 50 >>> for ctx in gui.ctxlist_real: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.cplxctx.fmt(ctx.expjpi(x))) fpm: (-0.951056516295154, 0.309016994374946) mpm: (-0.95105651629515357211643933337938214340569863412575, 0.30901699437494742410229341718281905886015458990287) dpm: (-0.95105651629515357211643933337938214340569863412575, 0.30901699437494742410229341718281905886015458990288) ipm: ([-0.951056516295153572116439333379382143405698634125765038, -0.951056516295153572116439333379382143405698634125736974], [0.3090169943749474241022934171828190588601545899028378188, 0.3090169943749474241022934171828190588601545899029200063]) gpm: (-0.9510565162951535721164393333793821434056986341257517, 0.3090169943749474241022934171828190588601545899028786) apm: ([-0.9510565162951535721164393333793821434056986341258 +/- 5.79e-50], [0.3090169943749474241022934171828190588601545899029 +/- 6.59e-50]) dreal: (-0.951056516295154, 0.309016994374946) sreal: (-0.9510566, 0.3090167) dreal: (-0.951056516295154, 0.309016994374946) ereal: (-0.95105651629515357222, 0.30901699437494742386) qreal: (-0.951056516295153572116439333379382, 0.309016994374947424102293417182818) oreal: (-0.95105651629515357211643933337938214340569863412575022244730564443015319, 0.30901699437494742410229341718281905886015458990288143106772431135263019) mreal: (-0.95105651629515357211643933337938214340569863412573, 0.30901699437494742410229341718281905886015458990293) sflint: (-0.9510566, 0.3090167) dflint: (-0.951056516295154, 0.309016994374946) eflint: (-0.95105651629515357222, 0.30901699437494742383) qflint: (-0.951056516295153572116439333379382, 0.309016994374947424102293417182818) oflint: (-0.95105651629515357211643933337938214340569863412575022244730564443015318, 0.30901699437494742410229341718281905886015458990288143106772431135263019) mflint: (-0.95105651629515357211643933337938214340569863412573, 0.30901699437494742410229341718281905886015458990292) aflint: ([-0.9510565162951535721164393333793821434056986341257 +/- 6.44e-50], [0.3090169943749474241022934171828190588601545899029 +/- 8.93e-50]) An example with complex input, using C\#-style formatting for complex numbers for the result .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1+2j; gui.setdps(50) >>> for ctx in [fpm, mpm, cmath53, qcplx]: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.expjpi(x))) fpm: (-0.00177604357879891, 0.000577071540119742) mpm: (-0.0017760435787989049642054631852541036755960880447526, 0.00057707154011974403113330884851121775451896357682577) cmath53: (-0.00177604357725158, 0.000577071540703855) qcplx: (-0.00177604357879890496420546318529556, 0.000577071540119744031133308848517094) The above and additional examples can be found online in the ``DataXlCalcNet`` repository or in the corresponding local ``DataXlCalcNet`` folder for `Python (real input) `__, `Python (complex input) `__, and `C\# (real or complex input) `__. Exponential function with base `10`, `\mathrm{exp10}(x) = 10^z` ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. method:: ctx.exp10(x) where ``ctx`` is ``math53``, ``mathc53``, ``ctxcpp`` or ``ctxflint``. Returns `\mathrm{exp10}(x) = 10^z = \exp(x \cdot \log(10))`, the base-10 exponential function of `z`. See also Wikipedia :cite:p:`WikipediaFun12`, MathWorld :cite:p:`WolframFun10`, NIST :cite:p:`DLMFun10`, :cite:t:`Ehrhardt2018` (4.2.36), Mpmath :cite:p:`MpmathFun18`. An example with real input: .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1; dps = 90 >>> for ctx in gui.ctxlist_real: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.exp10(x)) fpm: 7.94328234724282E-06 mpm: 0.00000794328234724281502065918282836387932588960631755484332092323929316955697191487537497095251 dpm: 0.00000794328234724281502065918282836387932588960631755484332092323929316955697191487537497095252 ipm: [0.0000079432823472428150206591828283638793258896063175548433209232392931695569719148753749709524789891, 0.0000079432823472428150206591828283638793258896063175548433209232392931695569719148753749709525445325] gpm: 7.9432823472428150206591828283638793258896063175548433209232392931695569719148753749709525146e-06 apm: [7.943282347242815020659182828363879325889606317554843320923239293169556971914875374970953e-6 +/- 5.13e-94] dreal: 7.94328234724282E-06 sreal: 7.943281E-06 dreal: 7.94328234724281E-06 ereal: 7.9432823472428150204e-06 qreal: 7.94328234724281502065918282836389e-06 oreal: 7.9432823472428150206591828283638793258896063175548433209232392931695569e-06 mreal: 7.94328234724281502065918282836387932588960631755484332092323929316955697191487537497095253E-06 sflint: 7.943284E-06 dflint: 7.94328234724282E-06 eflint: 7.9432823472428150221e-06 qflint: 7.94328234724281502065918282836388e-06 oflint: 7.9432823472428150206591828283638793258896063175548433209232392931695572e-06 mflint: 7.94328234724281502065918282836387932588960631755484332092323929316955697191487537497095253E-06 aflint: [7.943282347242815020659182828363879325889606317554843320923239293169556971914875374970953e-6 +/- 5.60e-94] An example with complex input, using C\#-style formatting for complex numbers for the result .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1+2j; gui.setdps(50) >>> for ctx in [fpm, mpm, cmath53, qcplx]: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.exp10(x))) fpm: (-8.50038314869339E-07, -7.89766859973711E-06) mpm: (-0.0000008500383148693386092398053603383376816809556042249, -0.0000078976685997371034342479584101601100277547297776704) cmath53: (-8.50038314869336E-07, -7.89766859973711E-06) qcplx: (-8.50038314869338609239805360338339e-07, -7.89766859973710343424795841016012e-06) The above and additional examples can be found online in the ``DataXlCalcNet`` repository or in the corresponding local ``DataXlCalcNet`` folder for `Python (real input) `__, `Python (complex input) `__, and `C\# (real or complex input) `__. Exponential function with base `2`, `\mathrm{exp2}(x) = 2^x` --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. method:: ctx.exp2(x) where ``ctx`` is ``math53``, ``mathc53``, ``ctxcpp`` or ``ctxflint``. Returns `\mathrm{exp2}(x) = 2^x = \exp(x \cdot \log(2))`, the base-2 exponential function of `x`. See also Wikipedia :cite:p:`WikipediaFun13`, MathWorld :cite:p:`WolframFun10`, NIST :cite:p:`DLMFun10`, :cite:t:`Ehrhardt2018` (4.2.35). An example with real input: .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1; dps = 90 >>> for ctx in gui.ctxlist_real: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.exp2(x))) fpm: 0.0291572809855252 mpm: 0.0291572809855252317494169770671856927196009363859841887156405432964186568847051108626158585 dpm: 0.0291572809855252317494169770671856927196009363859841887156405432964186568847051108626158585 ipm: [0.0291572809855252317494169770671856927196009363859841887156405432964186568847051108626158585305, 0.029157280985525231749416977067185692719600936385984188715640543296418656884705110862615858591864] gpm: 0.029157280985525231749416977067185692719600936385984188715640543296418656884705110862615858538 apm: [0.0291572809855252317494169770671856927196009363859841887156405432964186568847051108626158586 +/- 8.98e-92] dreal: 0.0291572809855252 sreal: 0.02915728 dreal: 0.0291572809855252 ereal: 0.029157280985525231751 qreal: 0.0291572809855252317494169770671857 oreal: 0.029157280985525231749416977067185692719600936385984188715640543296418657 mreal: 0.0291572809855252317494169770671856927196009363859841887156405432964186568847051108626158586 sflint: 0.02915728 dflint: 0.0291572809855252 eflint: 0.029157280985525231751 qflint: 0.0291572809855252317494169770671857 oflint: 0.029157280985525231749416977067185692719600936385984188715640543296418657 mflint: 0.0291572809855252317494169770671856927196009363859841887156405432964186568847051108626158586 aflint: [0.029157280985525231749416977067185692719600936385984188715640543296418656884705110862615859 +/- 5.38e-91] An example with complex input, using C\#-style formatting for complex numbers for the result .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1+2j; gui.setdps(50) >>> for ctx in [fpm, mpm, cmath53, qcplx]: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.exp2(x))) fpm: (0.00534910656134485, 0.0286624160437366) mpm: (0.0053491065613448526660310040295797895499084770752861, 0.028662416043736589994269252987760995841700161519681) cmath53: (0.00534910656134486, 0.0286624160437366) qcplx: (0.00534910656134485266603100402957979, 0.028662416043736589994269252987761) The above and additional examples can be found online in the ``DataXlCalcNet`` repository or in the corresponding local ``DataXlCalcNet`` folder for `Python (real input) `__, `Python (complex input) `__, and `C\# (real or complex input) `__. .. _rst_xreal_expm1: Auxiliary function `\mathrm{expm1}(x) = e^x-1` ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. method:: ctx.expm1(x) where ``ctx`` is ``math53``, ``mathc53``, ``ctxcpp`` or ``ctxflint``. Returns `\mathrm{expm1}(x) = \exp(x)-1 = e^x-1`, computed accurately also for small `x`. See also Wikipedia :cite:p:`WikipediaFun11`, MathWorld :cite:p:`WolframFun10`, NIST :cite:p:`DLMFun10`, BoostMath :cite:p:`BoostFun10`, :cite:t:`Ehrhardt2018` (4.2.37), Flint :cite:p:`FlintFun15`, Flint :cite:p:`FlintFun16`, Mpmath :cite:p:`MpmathFun11`. An example with real input: .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1; dps = 90 >>> for ctx in gui.ctxlist_real: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.expm1(x))) fpm: -0.993903253434484 mpm: -0.993903253434484363892865435214575098210939957919331902691606284304043023632260651674239863 dpm: -0.993903253434484363892865435214575098210939957919331902691606284304043023632260651674239863 ipm: [-0.99390325343448436389286543521457509821093995791933190269160628430404302363226065167423986352495, -0.99390325343448436389286543521457509821093995791933190269160628430404302363226065167423986340222] gpm: -0.9939032534344843638928654352145750982109399579193319026916062843040430236322606516742398634 apm: [-0.993903253434484363892865435214575098210939957919331902691606284304043023632260651674239863 +/- 5.31e-91] dreal: -0.993903253434484 sreal: -0.9939033 dreal: -0.993903253434484 ereal: -0.99390325343448436389 qreal: -0.993903253434484363892865435214575 oreal: -0.99390325343448436389286543521457509821093995791933190269160628430404302 mreal: -0.993903253434484363892865435214575098210939957919331902691606284304043023632260651674239864 sflint: -0.9939033 dflint: -0.993903253434484 eflint: -0.99390325343448436389 qflint: -0.993903253434484363892865435214575 oflint: -0.99390325343448436389286543521457509821093995791933190269160628430404302 mflint: -0.993903253434484363892865435214575098210939957919331902691606284304043023632260651674239864 aflint: [-0.993903253434484363892865435214575098210939957919331902691606284304043023632260651674239863 +/- 6.53e-91] An example with complex input, using C\#-style formatting for complex numbers for the result .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1+2j; gui.setdps(50) >>> for ctx in [fpm, mpm, cmath53, qcplx]: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.expm1(x))) fpm: (-1.00253714179647, 0.00554375596403168) mpm: (-1.0025371417964689871432868572987332349386956711932, 0.0055437559640316803155849317223325676631201581872807) cmath53: (-1.00253714179647, 0.00554375596403168) qcplx: (-1.00253714179646898714328685729873, 0.00554375596403168031558493172233257) The above and additional examples can be found online in the ``DataXlCalcNet`` repository or in the corresponding local ``DataXlCalcNet`` folder for `Python (real input) `__, `Python (complex input) `__, and `C\# (real or complex input) `__. Auxiliary function `\mathrm{exp10m1}(x) = 10^x - 1` ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. method:: ctx.exp10m1(x) where ``ctx`` is ``math53``, ``mathc53``, ``ctxcpp`` or ``ctxflint``. Returns `10^x - 1 = \mathrm{expm1}(x \cdot \log(10))`. See also :ref:`expm1() `. An example with real input: .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1; dps = 90 >>> for ctx in gui.ctxlist_real: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.exp10m1(x))) fpm: -0.999992056717653 mpm: -0.999992056717652757184979340817171636120674110393682445156679076760706830443028085124625029 dpm: -0.999992056717652757184979340817171636120674110393682445156679076760706830443028085124625029 ipm: [-0.99999205671765275718497934081717163612067411039368244515667907676070683044302808512462502915426, -0.99999205671765275718497934081717163612067411039368244515667907676070683044302808512462502903153] gpm: -0.99999205671765275718497934081717163612067411039368244515667907676070683044302808512462502903 apm: [-0.999992056717652757184979340817171636120674110393682445156679076760706830443028085124625029 +/- 1.55e-91] dreal: -0.999992056717653 sreal: -0.9999921 dreal: -0.999992056717653 ereal: -0.99999205671765275719 qreal: -0.999992056717652757184979340817172 oreal: -0.99999205671765275718497934081717163612067411039368244515667907676070683 mreal: -0.999992056717652757184979340817171636120674110393682445156679076760706830443028085124625029 sflint: -0.9999921 dflint: -0.999992056717653 eflint: -0.99999205671765275719 qflint: -0.999992056717652757184979340817172 oflint: -0.99999205671765275718497934081717163612067411039368244515667907676070683 mflint: -0.999992056717652757184979340817171636120674110393682445156679076760706830443028085124625029 aflint: [-0.999992056717652757184979340817171636120674110393682445156679076760706830443028085124625029 +/- 7.06e-91] An example with complex input, using C\#-style formatting for complex numbers for the result .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1+2j; gui.setdps(50) >>> for ctx in [fpm, mpm, cmath53, qcplx]: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.exp10m1(x))) fpm: (-1.00000085003831, -7.89766859973711E-06) mpm: (-1.0000008500383148693386092398053603383376816809556, -0.0000078976685997371034342479584101601100277547297776704) cmath53: (-1.00000085003831, -7.8976685997371E-06) qcplx: (-1.00000085003831486933860923980536, -7.89766859973710343424795841016012e-06) The above and additional examples can be found online in the ``DataXlCalcNet`` repository or in the corresponding local ``DataXlCalcNet`` folder for `Python (real input) `__, `Python (complex input) `__, and `C\# (real or complex input) `__. Auxiliary function `\mathrm{exp2m1}(x) = 2^x - 1` ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. method:: ctx.exp2m1(x) where ``ctx`` is ``math53``, ``mathc53``, ``ctxcpp`` or ``ctxflint``. Returns `2^x - 1 = \mathrm{expm1}(x \cdot \log(2))`. See also :ref:`expm1() `. An example with real input: .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1; dps = 90 >>> for ctx in gui.ctxlist_real: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.exp2m1(x))) fpm: -0.970842719014475 mpm: -0.970842719014474768250583022932814307280399063614015811284359456703581343115294889137384141 dpm: -0.970842719014474768250583022932814307280399063614015811284359456703581343115294889137384141 ipm: [-0.9708427190144747682505830229328143072803990636140158112843594567035813431152948891373841415347, -0.97084271901447476825058302293281430728039906361401581128435945670358134311529488913738414128924] gpm: -0.97084271901447476825058302293281430728039906361401581128435945670358134311529488913738414141 apm: [-0.970842719014474768250583022932814307280399063614015811284359456703581343115294889137384141 +/- 5.79e-91] dreal: -0.970842719014475 sreal: -0.9708427 dreal: -0.970842719014475 ereal: -0.97084271901447476827 qreal: -0.970842719014474768250583022932814 oreal: -0.97084271901447476825058302293281430728039906361401581128435945670358134 mreal: -0.970842719014474768250583022932814307280399063614015811284359456703581343115294889137384142 sflint: -0.9708427 dflint: -0.970842719014475 eflint: -0.97084271901447476827 qflint: -0.970842719014474768250583022932814 oflint: -0.97084271901447476825058302293281430728039906361401581128435945670358134 mflint: -0.970842719014474768250583022932814307280399063614015811284359456703581343115294889137384142 aflint: [-0.970842719014474768250583022932814307280399063614015811284359456703581343115294889137384141 +/- 7.68e-91] An example with complex input, using C\#-style formatting for complex numbers for the result .. code-block:: pycon >>> from xlcalcnet import * >>> x = -5.1+2j; gui.setdps(50) >>> for ctx in [fpm, mpm, cmath53, qcplx]: print(ctx.fmtname + ': ' + ctx.fmt(ctx.exp2m1(x))) fpm: (-0.994650893438655, 0.0286624160437366) mpm: (-0.99465089343865514733396899597042021045009152292471, 0.028662416043736589994269252987760995841700161519681) cmath53: (-0.994650893438655, 0.0286624160437366) qcplx: (-0.99465089343865514733396899597042, 0.028662416043736589994269252987761) The above and additional examples can be found online in the ``DataXlCalcNet`` repository or in the corresponding local ``DataXlCalcNet`` folder for `Python (real input) `__, `Python (complex input) `__, and `C\# (real or complex input) `__.